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Semester 5PracticalsComputer NetworksPractical 5

Practical 5

AIM:

To demonstrate various networking and internetworking devices and topologies.

Networking and Internetworking Devices

  1. Network Interface Card (NIC)
    A hardware component that enables a device to connect to a network, providing a unique MAC address for identification. NICs can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi).

    • Advantages:
      • Unique identification with a MAC address.
      • Supports both wired and wireless connectivity.
      • High data rate, improving network performance.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Additional cost for each network-enabled device.
      • May face compatibility issues with certain network standards.

  2. Switch
    Connects multiple devices within a local area network (LAN) and forwards data based on MAC addresses.

    • Advantages:
      • Efficient data handling reduces traffic and collisions.
      • Increased bandwidth with dedicated ports.
      • Scalable by adding more ports or switches.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Higher cost than hubs.
      • Complex configuration for managed switches.

  3. Hub
    A basic networking device that connects multiple Ethernet devices, broadcasting incoming data to all connected devices.

    • Advantages:
      • Simple and easy to set up.
      • Low cost.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Inefficient due to data broadcasting, leading to collisions.
      • Limited functionality and scalability.

  4. Router
    Connects multiple networks and directs data based on IP addresses.

    • Advantages:
      • Connects multiple networks efficiently.
      • Can manage traffic and includes security features like firewalls.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Complex configuration.
      • Higher cost compared to simpler devices.

  5. Gateway
    Acts as a bridge between networks with different protocols, enabling communication and data exchange.

    • Advantages:
      • Supports communication between networks with different protocols.
      • Can filter data for enhanced security.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Complex setup.
      • Performance overhead due to protocol translation.

  6. Repeater
    Extends the range of a network by amplifying signals.

    • Advantages:
      • Cost-effective way to boost network signal.
      • Simple to install.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Limited functionality (no traffic management).
      • May introduce noise if amplifying weak signals.

  7. Bridge
    Connects two or more network segments, allowing them to function as one network.

    • Advantages:
      • Reduces traffic by segmenting networks.
      • Improves performance for larger networks.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Limited range and primarily effective within a single network.

  8. Cables
    Physical media for data transmission; types include Ethernet cables, fiber optic, and coaxial cables.

    • Advantages:
      • Reliable and stable connections.
      • Variety of options suitable for different requirements.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Limited by physical distance.
      • Installation can be complex, especially for fiber optics.

Network Topologies

  1. Bus Topology
    All devices connect to a single central cable, which is bi-directional. It is vulnerable to failure if the backbone cable breaks.

  2. Star Topology
    Devices connect to a central hub, which acts as the main point of communication. The hub can be passive or active.

  3. Ring Topology
    Forms a closed loop where each device is connected to two neighboring devices. Repeaters are often required for large networks.

  4. Mesh Topology
    Each device has a dedicated link to other devices, ensuring high redundancy and reliability. Protocols include AHCP and DHCP.

  5. Tree Topology
    A hierarchical structure similar to star topology but with multiple levels. Common protocols are DHCP and SAC (Standard Automatic Configuration).

  6. Hybrid Topology
    Combines different types of topologies, allowing flexible and scalable network design.

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